kidney Stone

• Types: Calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, struvite, cystine.
• Symptoms: Severe pain (flank, lower abdomen, groin), blood in urine, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination.
• Causes: Dehydration, high oxalate or calcium diet, urinary tract infections, genetic factors, certain medications.
• Diagnosis: Ultrasound, CT scan, X-ray, urinalysis, blood tests.
• Treatment: Pain relievers, hydration, medical therapy (alpha-blockers), lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, surgical removal.
• Prevention: Adequate hydration, balanced diet, reducing salt and protein intake, avoiding high-oxalate foods.
• Complications: Urinary tract infections, kidney damage, recurring stones, urinary obstruction.
• Risk Factors: Family history, obesity, digestive diseases, certain diets, limited fluid intake.
• Management: Regular check-ups, monitoring stone formation, adhering to dietary recommendations, medication adherence.